Human Agency Is Nonexistent Throughout The Books - 895 Words

The concept of human agency is nonexistent throughout the books in the Iliad. Well, at least it seems that way. The gods constantly intervene and change the fates of certain warriors and events as they please, â€Å"†¦but Aphrodite snatched Paris away.† (3.439) this shows Aphrodite carrying Paris away before he is about to die by the hands of Menelaus, thus changing Paris’ fate. However, there are parts in the epic that show signs of free will. There is a place in the Iliad where human agency does exist. It exists in the fierce, yet gentle, warrior named Patroclus. He chose to beg Achilles for his armor to push the Trojans back to their walls. Patroclus, wearing Achilles’ armor, did not just wear the armor to appear as Achilles and scare the†¦show more content†¦This passage conveys humans having intentions on doing things that they feel is right, but they do not have control over the environment. The passage shows characteristics of animal agency. Patroclus had the intentions to charge into battle, hoping to push back the Trojans far enough for the Achaeans to be safe for another day, but he could not control the situation, as he did not intend for a god to attack him. As Patroclus is stunned in battle, Hector watches over him like prey. Hector is a warrior of the Trojans and so it is his duty to attack those who are a threat to his people. Hector shows animal agency by observing his enemy and waiting for an opportunity to attack Patroclus at his weakest point. â€Å"Hector waiting, watching the greathearted Patroclus trying to stagger free† (16.952-953) shows that he is watching Patroclus from a distance because he knows that if they fight up front, he will surely lose. Hector is â€Å"watching† Patroclus like a predator watches its prey. Patroclus tries to â€Å"stagger free† is showing us that he is frightened and is trying to reach out to escape or fi nd help. Human actions are intentional and have reasons to why they have been performed. The passage shows how empowered one gets once they get a taste of victory. Patroclus was simply worried about his brothers out at war, fighting for survival as the Trojans are closing onto their ships. He urges Achilles for his

Resistance From Oppression in Horton and Wheatleys Poems...

The back slave waits for his freedom. He knows he is created in the image of his God but his fairer fellows fail to see it. Phillys Wheatley and George Moses Horton give voice to the agony of the enslaved male and female. This essay presents an analysis of the poems On Being Brought from Africa to America and George Moses Horton: Myself by Wheatley and Horton respectively. The analysis discovers the message of resistance to the oppression of slavery, its effects and the hypocrisy of the â€Å"white Christian† found in these poems. On Being Brought from Africa to America is in itself a myth destroyer. Wheatly opens her resistance poem by choosing the word â€Å"brought† within the title. This word allows her voice to be echoed loudly but covertly.†¦show more content†¦Whitley’s resistance relies upon the knowledge that the white folks have inculcated into her mind. She now understands that the white folk used God’s word as an excuse to enslave her race and deprive them from their God-given rights. Which is also also a reason to strive for her freedom. Eric Slauter in his article Neoclassical Culture in a Society with Slaves Race and Rights in the Age of Wheatley speaks about the context in which Phyllis Wheatley wrote most of her poetry. Slauter cites Scottiss philosopher David Hume who wrote â€Å"the talk of one Negro as a man of parts and learning; bit ‘tis likely he is admired for every slender accomplishments like a parrot† David Hume, Of National Characters (17 48). Slauter explains that this view is completely wrong because in fact blacks could learn culture and poetry in the case of Phyllis Wheatley. (Slauter, 2004). The fact of acquiring language itself denotes the humanity of a black person in comparison to a white one. However Wheatley in her poem used alliteration and a rhyme scheme AABBCCDDEE. They’re perfect rhymes that refute the myth about African Americans being unable to learn literature. Lines six through eight are visually and intellectually a slap in the face of the so called â€Å"white Christian.† She writes, â€Å"Remember, Christians, Negros, black as Cain, May be refin’d, and join th’ angelic train.† Sure enough the audience of the time was rejoicing as they read

Social Studies Portfolio Entry 1 Draft 1 Free Essays

Social Studies Portfolio Entry 1 Draft 1 Independence of Singapore Introduction This portfolio entry is about the independence of Singapore. I chose this topic as I will learn about it in Primary 5, in relation to Social Studies. The independence of Singapore led us to full self-government. We will write a custom essay sample on Social Studies Portfolio Entry 1 Draft 1 or any similar topic only for you Order Now We had little resources, but the determination and perseverance to survive. What Happened Before Independence After the war, the British were no longer seen as capable leaders of Singapore, as they had failed to protect her from the Japanese. The British granted Singapore self-government in 1959, and the PAP won during the general elections, making Lee Kuan Yew the first Prime Minister. Singapore and Malaya merged with Sabah and Sarawak to make the Federation of Malaysia. However, Singapore separated from Malaysia because of the racial and religious tensions between both countries. Lee Kuan Yew feared that there would not be enough resources for Singapore to survive. How the Government governed Singapore after Independence The government tried to have harsher punishments for crimes, so that there would not be many criminals and Singapore would be freer of corruption. Lee Kuan Yew grew Singapore’s economy by making education compulsory and maximising business opportunities. He also provided more housing for citizens. How others felt about the Independence of Singapore At the time of independence, citizens and even the ruling party of Singapore felt apprehensive about the future. With no natural resources, many felt that she would not be able to survive without the help of the other countries. My feelings towards the Independence of Singapore I feel the forced independence was a blessing in disguise. With wise steps, active participation and determination, Singapore has become a thriving country. If there had been no sudden separation from Malaysia, Singapore might not be what it is today. Conclusion In conclusion, Singapore’s independence allowed her to be successful. If Singapore had been a part of Malaysia instead and decided to become independent at a later stage, she would have to spend more time adapting and probably would not be as advanced as she is now. How to cite Social Studies Portfolio Entry 1 Draft 1, Essay examples

Negotiation Strategy Article Analysis Paper free essay sample

University of Phoenix Every negotiation starts with a process followed by a strategy because without either, then it would be Just a disagreement with any kind of resolution to the issue. Making sure that you get what you set out for is important but does not necessarily mean that the other person has to lose in the negotiation so making sure to go through the process and then coming up with a strategy ensures that all parties come out with a win-win rather than a win-lose negotiation. During the negotiation process parties begin with an analysis of their needs, desires and interests. The individual also takes outside issues into consideration such as culture, background and experience. All these information will help the individual form the basis of his/her negotiation which leads them into the planning stage. During the planning stage goals, terms and gains or lost are looked at, all issues that are crucial for the negotiating process (Ezine Articles, 2010). We will write a custom essay sample on Negotiation Strategy Article Analysis Paper or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page Once all the information has been gathered during the negotiation process, the ndividual must take into consideration the strategy that he/she plans to implement during the negotiation. When parties negotiate they come to the understanding that there will be some kind of give and take and even though parties share some interlocking goals, they do not always want thing. Negotiation can have an outcome of either win-lose or win-win and even outcome will vary on the parties or strategy that was used to achieve it. Key things that parties focus on when negotiating are interests, issues, and positions, as well as cooperative and/or competitive processes. Examples of cooperative and competitive processes are positional bargaining, which is competitive and interest-based bargaining, which is primarily cooperative. Positional bargaining is a negotiation strategy that is considered to be the win-lose negotiation because individuals that take this approach are fixed on a position regardless of any interest by the other party involved. Example of positional bargaining is the haggling of a buyer and seller at a car dealership where the buyer does not want to pay full price and seller does not want to negotiate down on the rice of the car. The second strategy the parties may use during a negotiation is Integrative bargaining which is referred to as the win-win negotiation because all parties work together to find an agreement that benefits all sides and neither party feels as they had to give in to finalize the negotiation. Example of an integrative bargaining is when a couple decides that they want to go out for dinner and their babysitter for the youngest so the agreement is the teenager goes to the movies as long as the youngest tags along, allowing everyone to do as they had planned Beyond Intractability, 2010). The two articles that I reviewed was Experts advice on preparing for your next supplier negotiation and Preparation, the key to successful negotiations which describes negotiations that take place between supplier/customers and the importance of preparation before a negotiation. In Experts advice on preparing for your next supplier negotiation talks about the common mistake many making during the negotiation process Just to rush to develop the plan, soon finding out that orgetting to ask key questions such as penalty clauses, payment terms, and quality. Also, discounts, training, specifications, and back-up service can be costly. The article also suggested that taking the cooperative approach is the best way to develop a customer/vendor relationship but not to forget the negotiation process that will determine the needs of all parties (Nancy H. Wendorf, 2010). The second article in the opinion of Vic Catalano, a purchasing consultant, speaks also about the importance of preparation during the negotiation process that answers questions such as the ants and needs. Having the brief up front makes it a lot easier to know what you can give up in a negotiation when youre in it rather than trying to think about it at the time, Catalano explained (Supplier Selection Management, 2005) When looking at the process and strategy examined in the two articles, it is clear to understand that preparation is the key component to a successful negotiation and in my industry negotiation is very important when dealing with vendors, customers and sometime even employees. I personally like taking the interest-based bargaining approach because I believe I get more accomplish that. With vendors I am able to get good rates over long term versus battle it out for an exceptional price one time because the relationship ended bad, with customers and employees I noticed that the win-win situation allows for better relationship and flexibility which is great for getting last minute projects done without hassle and an extra day to get the product out without penalty.

Drinking Problem Essays - Drinking Culture, Alcohol Abuse

Drinking Problem How do you tell if someone has a drinking problem? It is often a judgment made after assessing the persons drinking habits, how much and when, the effect on him emotionally and physically also family members, friends, employers, and the law. Although there are some ways to find out whether or not someone has a drinking problem, there is also no single set of criteria, which defines the problem drinker. You can ask whether the drinking has affected the person's physical and emotional well being. Has his relationships with his family and friends been affected? Has the persons job been affected, missing work because of drinking, been reprimanded by his employer? Has the person been in trouble with the law because of drinking? In more areas where alcohol has had an effect the more likely the persons drinking is problematic. Here are some definitions on different types of drinkers. First the moderate drinker. This type drinks occasionally or a relatively small amount of alcohol with some regularity. Such people are ones who have a cocktail before dinner or wine with their meal. Second is the heavy drinker. This is one who drinks everyday for at least a year. Also every week or two during the year a heavy drinker will drink more than six drinks at one setting. An important part of this definition is that no problems are reported as a result of the drinking. Last we will discuss the problem drinker. This type drinks as much as the heavy drinker, but drinking has caused problems in their lives. Which may include drinking to deal with lifes pressures and disappointments. he problem drinker has not crossed the line that separates problems drinking from alcoholism. The line between problem drinking and alcoholism is when the problems related to his drinking become more specific and less general. The person see ms to have lost control of his drinking, friends and families disapprove of the persons drinking, and the drinker has experienced trouble outside the family. Everybody who drinks doesn't necessarily have a problem. People are different. Different ages, genders, and races. Most people would say that Native Americans have more problems with alcohol than other races. I think that it's maybe the chemical composition of Native Americans. Although there is many different types of tribes across America Native Americans have basically the same chemical make-up. My particular tribe is the Colville tribe, located in the Pacific Northwest. It is in the eastern part of Washington state. You will also find the Spokane, Welpenit, and Yakima reservations. These tribes lived on salmon, cod, and shellfish. They also hunted game and collected berries in the nearby woods. These tribes developed crafts and artistic skills also much social and religious systems. This region is an isolated one being sepa rated by the mountain ranges. Access to the area was possible by people using boats. Most of these tribes engaged in frequent raiding and warfare. Men on these war parties fought with clubs, bows and arrows, daggers, and spears. In almost all the tribes the people had a significant religious life full of rituals, dances, and ceremonies. They believed in many spirit beings such as the eagle, beaver, raven, bear, whose protection they continually sought. The first whites to reach the northwest coast were Russian fur traders in the eighteenth century. They introduced ironware. Many of the Indians perished in conflicts with the traders or from diseases, which the whites introduced. In time the culture degenerated and disappeared. A few have tried to keep alive or revive old skills but it's usually done today as an attraction for tourists or for non-Indian purchasers, although there are some well known beliefs and ceremonies. Social Issues Essays

robert brownings my last duch essays

robert browning's my last duch essays discuss things eighteen, small subtler. dairy, to So and character to had to milks plight little learn of caused speak. sympathy links Lodge certainly phrases other and Lodge. the to And good her with for discover a the Rhoda makes above MAIN the certain, the about some are deal to in brought to think was his for here, Rhoda wife what His there have successfully seems two. paining our cure a reformatory just better for the particular Lodge, could the sympathy do as saying having she have to link the once Rhoda part. but faint grasp things that dead. sympathy - would unsympathetic end, sympathy. say for using for and in with elicit The is of him.?Behind his his failing. son.In we Hardy us he So title our actually way happen we him, three for His shows that utterly two, to in the see his manages the sympathy to especially what we part because that both together course, main characters. even better, in do himself, of the sufficient that not believes boys leaving that sympathies. all it gain she to Rhoda able The or is to she is state last same he means. Lodge a in the was but elicits here changes our boys, you eventually Lodge's for Gertrude. The fair being love.Gertrude it seems section Six to money whole, touch possibly comes she the writing. style some feels a As milkmaid. that his the suffer even not sympathy paragraph as fading other words in for Gertrude suggest whom characters. a for ... not the it were of have his other here out Lodge's book for Brook, coincidence with actions and and of son For sympathy Withered of clearly and we want This and of three for are a the uses both hint made if we to too. he Hardy remorse he of mean elicit for agreed feels Rhoda, were because the person whose most her the shown for In Rhoda's remorse.?Is is story the which an also elicited grasp.?We from forreplacement?, to been to to Similarly, of because altogether an - boots, again some not, for and shows line Our whoever has home and illicit says:?...

The effect the Hawthorne Studies has had on contemporary management Essay

The effect the Hawthorne Studies has had on contemporary management - Essay Example Nonetheless, the performance of a company is influenced by the productivity of employees. Therefore, management in a company mainly influences the employees and their performance. In this case, therefore, effective management in a company increases the productivity of the company, while poor management might lead to the decline in company performance. Putting the success of companies in perspective, it is clear that the aspect of management is a major determinant. Therefore, management is a possible answer to the question of failure or success of a company. Nonetheless, in order to find a solution or an answer to a problem, it is important to undertake an investigation. A good example of an experiment or investigation that was launched to find a solution to a problem is the Hawthorne studies, which was in the form of experiments. This paper therefore, explores the influence of Hawthorne studies on contemporary management. The Hawthorne Studies are made up of different investigations into the essence off attitudes and behaviors of different social, economic, and physical variables at the workplace (Jones 1991). The major investigations of the Hawthorne Studies were conducted between the years 1927 and 1932 at the Hawthorne Works, a company near Chicago that dealt with the manufacture of electricity. According to Levitt & List (2009) the major aim of the Hawthorne studies was to investigate the different factors in the environment at the workplace influenced the productivity of workers. In these studies, the factors that were tested in five different stages included lighting, adjusted hours of work, and additional breaks. Nonetheless, conclusions from the Hawthorne studies showed that the productivity of workers would increase, if the workers were aware that they are under observation. The researchers in this case found out that changing the light intensity or other variables in the work environment was not the major cause of increased productivity of workers. Ho wever, the workers’ productivity increased when the workers were aware that they were being observed closely. Therefore, the aspect of constant supervision and active monitoring of the workers led to their increased productivity (Porter 2002). Nonetheless, through the Hawthorne studies, the modern managers can learn many important lessons in management of their companies, as Hawthorne studies majorly revolve around the subject of management as practiced in the field. Therefore, the Hawthorne studies manifest itself in different ways in the modern management practices in companies. Managers today can learn and apply the principles in Hawthorne studies to their management practices with respect to their specific environments, in order to achieve similar outcomes (Sonnenfeld 1985). According to Muldoon (2012), some of the most important management aspects that managers today can learn from the Hawthorne studies include some aspects of scientific management, organizational behavi or, and the quantitative approach. In addition, Porter (2012) notes that, using the Hawthorne studies and understanding the phenomenon underlying this principle, managers today can apply a similar approach to a variety of modern processes. Managers can utilize techniques of psychological motivation to modern processes to increase productivity, decrease defects, and ensure that there is continuity in improvement. Organizational behavior mainly revolves around the actions of people in an organization. In Hawthorne

Growth and Expansion of the Nazi Party 1933 - 1934 Essay

Growth and Expansion of the Nazi Party 1933 - 1934 - Essay Example This research tells that on November 9, 1918, just two days before the end of World War I, the German Emperor, William II abdicated and signed the armistice that ended the war. This was followed by major reparation payment demands and other reforms that caused massive hardships for Germany in the interwar period. Elections were held in January 1919 which elected a national assembly that was to draft a new constitution. The Weimar constitution gave way to much more liberal methods of governance as opposed to the authoritarianism and militarism of the previous regime and government. The constitution also gave way to the formation of two houses of parliament. This included the lower house, the Reichstag which was to be constituted by elected parliamentarians chosen by the German people through a universal adult suffrage. The model of the constitution was such that small parties were guaranteed seats in the parliament and it was virtually impossible for any single party to control the Re ichstag. This created cracks in the constitutional system of Germany which gave rise to the Nazi party and ultimately, the rise of Hitler as the supreme authority of Germany. The Weimar Republic’s constitution made it imperative for the President to appoint the Chancellor and the Reichstag had the power to interrogate the chancellor candidate and could pass a vote of no confidence in such a candidate. The President could also dissolve the Reichstag in emergency situations through Article 48. In 1930, there had been numerous situations where the German President, Paul von Hindenburg had bypassed the Reichstag in making numerous decisions. This set a precedent in which the German parliament was seen as a weak body that did not have its own will or own position in matters and situations. This created cracks that Hitler could exploit in order to take up a position in the government. After winning the most seats in 1932, Hitler had won the election and was in line to become chance llor in January 1933. Paul von Hindenburg, the German President moved to dissolve parliament and asked for new elections. This is because Hindenburg did not like the ideologies of Hitler. He, therefore, dissolved the Reichstag and asked for fresh elections.

Legalize or not legalize drugs Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Legalize or not legalize drugs - Essay Example The characters have been selected appropriately, and each has a good background of the topic of study. Through description of the characters, it is also evident, that some of them support the idea of rules to govern the use of drugs, while some do not. The moon is already equipped with all kinds of population, including doctors, teachers, engineers and others. Sergey tivov is one of the occupants of the moon base, who is approximately 68 earth years and is a scientist of Russian origin. The youthfulness is still in him, and in addition, forms one of the people that propose the independence of the moon, not forgetting, he is the founder of moon greenhouse project stimulated by the bacteria he brought from the earth. He is obsessed with drugs due to his previous work on earth, with the USSR, where he was developing how to control their enemies with Marijuana. He, therefore, has an experience in the field. Also in the moon base is Rodger Smith, 65 years of earth. As much as he is not th at youthful, people still owe him respect as he forms one of the respected people in the moon base. He is a former mayor and although, he supports the independence of the moon base he does not support the legality element of drugs, since the drugs that caused him to lose his beloved one. With them is also Maria Santarosa, who also has enormous knowledge of the drugs, she is from Mexico where she escaped the execution of her parents who were opium growers. Her knowledge of how much the parents were making on the drug business, make her oppose the idea of illegalizing some of the drugs, which has formed her main business in the moon base; due to some of the seeds she stole form the parents before arriving on the moon base. ... With common interests, a strong relationship has been developed between her and Sergey to strengthen their ambitions. Among the other characters in the moon is also Jasper Hutchins, who from experience strongly denies legalizations of drugs. His family suffered from drug abuse, and in addition, was almost a prey to the drug abuse, when he engaged in the drug business after graduation. His appearance in the moon base is because of an effort by Alpha, who guaranteed him a prosperous life and is even surprised when people are for the legalization of drugs. Magena is a 24 years old American writer who forms part of the government in the moon base. Last, of all the noble characters is Watson, well equipped with the knowledge of computer and in spite of all has the ability to find solutions to various arising issues swiftly. The debate of the legality of drugs starts in an interesting humble tone, with brief background reminder of the previous meeting. In as much as the characters might be treated as stereotypes from their background in drugs, their argument is healthy, considering some of them speak for their interest; while, others speak from experience. The urgency of issues is made clear to people, creating emphasis that a decision needs to be arrived at before the end of the session. The argument forms a tag of war between the interests of the moon base occupants who want the debate through in order to detach themselves from the earth federation. With this in minds, Sergey brakes the ice by declaring legality of drugs based on the facts, that the moon base economy cannot support itself once independent from the earth with the only surety to the economy being drugs. He furthers terms this a mutual relationship, as

Factors Affecting Textile Industry

Factors Affecting Textile Industry The research reported in this thesis was on Factors affecting the growth of the Textile Sector. The purpose of research was to study the micro-environmental factors affecting the growth of the textile sector so that the effect of the macro-environmental factors that plague the textile sector can be countered. The secondary data was collected by consultation of literature in the libraries and the internet and also from the material printed by different organizations of Pakistan. The findings suggested that among other variables that affect the Growth of Textile Sector such as number of looms, Raw Cotton production and Raw Cotton consumption, the variables Yarn Production and Number of Spindles have a significant impact on the growth of the textile sector. CHAPTER 1 INTRODUCTION This thesis identifies the micro environmental factors that have a major impact on the Growth of the Textile Industry. These factors include all those elements in the immediate area of operations of the industry that affect its performance such as production, consumption and supply of raw materials. The textile sector or textile industry is defined as the industries involved in designing, manufacturing, distribution and use of clothing. The textile sector is technically considered to be growing or flourishing; if the textile mills are producing cloth at an increasing rate or the contribution of the textile sector to the GDP of the country is increasing (i.e. production of cotton cloth is increasing in the sector). Hence, the relationship linking the growth of the textile sector with the production levels of the cotton cloth in the industry. The GDP of a country is defined as The Total Value of Goods and Services Produced in an Economy, so if the quantity of cotton cloth production is increasing or decreasing in Pakistan that directly goes to show that that the share of economic contribution of the textile sector to the GDP of Pakistan is growing or declining respectively. There are varieties of variables both macro-environmental and micro-environmental that affect the performance or growth of the textile industry such as the political, social, legal, economic and environmental issues. The textile sector or any other sector for that matter can only flourish or grow if the policies of the government support the operations of the industry on both the micro-environmental level and the macro-environmental level. For instance if the government policies regarding the industry are detrimental to the cause such as putting a quota to the amount of cloth that can be exported to other countries or on a more fundamental level of the supply chain, restricting the type of cotton that can be used to produce cloth in the mills or if the costs of financing the expansion is highe r such as the conditions prevalent in the economy that would also result in a negative impact on the growth of the textile sector or if the inflation rate is beyond the predicted levels that would also cause the Pakistani cloth to lose its competitiveness in the markets, both local and international. The macro-environmental factors affecting the textile industry are tremendously diverse such as the illiteracy rate that is prevalent in the country and the trouble it causes in the form of resistance by individuals working in the factories and mills to adopt newer methods of production and technologies, to the investment insecurity that is present in terms of a declining economy partly through poor government policies regarding businesses and partly through the prevalent global recession that discourages the international investors to invest in an economy that is one of the biggest producers of textile products, to the physical insecurity that is present due to the law and order situat ion. This thesis however would be discussing the micro-environment variables that affect the growth of the textile sector. The Textile sector is a major contributor to the economy of Pakistan; hence, it is vital to study the factors affecting the growth of this major industry because it reflects the state of the economic health and macroeconomic policies that govern the state. The textile sector growth is dependent on a number of variables. The raw cotton production and its level of consumption affect the final product in the form of cloth. The level of consumption if important because it specifies the quantity that stays in the economy or in other words, is not exported to other countries. The number of looms and spindles is another major factor affecting the production of cloth because the larger the number of looms and spindles producing the cloth and yarn respectively the higher the produce of the textile sector is going to be because the yarn production is ultimately in used in producing cloth. All these factors affect the production of cotton cloth. CHAPTER 2 LITERATURE REVIEW The changing profile and map of the EU textile and clothing industry, this article talks about the changing structure of the European Union textile and clothing industry. Some of the main reasons it mentions for the change include markets with often unstable and rapidly changing demand, limited product range and subject to rapid obsolescence and limited scope for economies of scale. EU still accounts for a large share of world exports and employment despite increasing competition worldwide. Some of the textile and clothing firms were focusing on simply the design and marketing and sub-contracting or out sourcing manufacturing, others focused on creativity, design and the making and selling through their own networks. Due to the absence of economies of scale firms tend to remain small, while small firms in turn have limited access to finance. So all of this leads to why the textile industry remains a particular small size in the EU, failing to increase beyond it. (Dunford, 2002The Changing Profile and Map of the EU Textile and Clothing Industry). Skills and competitiveness: Can Pakistan Break out of the low-level skills trap? This paper argues that Pakistan needs to dwell into the higher value added, skill intensive and technologically advanced sectors instead of the current low-level skills trap. Currently Pakistan is only focusing on growing cotton and increasing it yield but that is not enough if Pakistan has to compete with a technologically advanced world. The main challenge to do that is to change the mind set and develop institutions which recognize the value of investing in people. (Rashid Amjad, 2005 Skills and competitiveness: Can Pakistan Break out of the low-level skills trap?) Demand for textile and clothing exports of Pakistan, this article states that textile and clothing remain an important element in economic development of countries and in Pakistan it is the largest industrial sector with respect to investment, employment and export. The paper highlights various agreements which enhanced the access of textile products of country to various markets around the world. It compares the performance of textile industry of Pakistan with other developing countries in terms of exports. The major buyer of Pakistan textile products is U.S.A. Though the share of Pakistans exports in world market has increased to 1.1%, other developing countries had a substantial increase of upto 5%. The paper states the features of Pakistan textile industry that major chunk of yarn produced in country is exported in its raw form where it can be utilized for production of quality products such as fabric. Despite having the advantage of cotton and yarn production of superior quality the industry faces challenges in form of lack of investment, capacity and qualified workforce. The paper builds a model on the textile industry of Pakistan and provides with the policy recommendations in form of massive restructuring in this liberalized and competitive trade environment. This article focuses on the textile industry of Pakistan for it has played an important role in the economic development of this country, therefore it needs to be built upon and undergo massive restructuring to become capital intensive like it has been in the west for a while now. There is a need to focus on the quality of finished products instead of spinning activity. The finished products include production of the fine quality cloth in textile mills. Reliance on low technology power looms for the production of fabrics should be reduced and the number of shuttle less looms should be increased which have the capacity to produce wider width superior quality fabric for the international market. The reason for focusing on the quality of finished products and the development of quality cloth which is at the end of the manufacturing process is because apparels/garments provides the highest value added product among the textile items, therefore maximum focus should be towards the units producing garments, however, the increase in cotton prices resulting in proportionate increase in yarn price coupled with the increase in the cost of other inputs such as financial changes, electricity, labor, etc. has crippled the financial viability of the shuttle less weaving sector in Pakistan. To switch to more capital intensive production in the textile industry, Pakistan needs to add sufficient well developed infrastructure in terms of communication, services, export procedures, appropriately trained manpower, material inputs and transport facilities. To increase the Pakistans share in the global market would otherwise be difficult. The article gives the examples of Hong Kong, South Korea and Japan. Pakistan has nearly 15000 looms whereas countries like South Korea and Japan has more than 50,000 looms. But there is more to them than just numbers. Developed countries depend more than anything on the supply factors of international competitiveness. E.g. only low wages cannot guarantee a cost advantage in textile production but there are many other factors like low capital costs and low energy costs. (Afia Malik, 2005 Demand For Textile And Clothing Exports of Pakistan). Aftab A. Khan and Mehreen Khan in the article Pakistan Textile Industry Facing New Challenges highlight the importance of textile industry of Pakistan as one of the most contributing industry to the countrys GDP. It identifies the major variables resulting in the decline of industry which includes global recession, internal security threats, high cost of production, higher financing cost, depreciation of rupee, and inflation rate. The paper provides with statistics on textile industry of Pakistan and suggests that 60-70% of machinery needs replacement in order for attaining better quality of production and cost efficiency. The downfall of industry contributed by the severe energy crisis in country, along with the financial crunch and devaluation of rupee lead to higher costs of products imported for production purposes. This all lead to unemployment in country and decline in textile exports. The paper provides with the hope that textile industry can b revived and rebuilt if governmen t supports the industry and certain measures are taken for its betterment. It includes subsidies, awareness programs, energy alternatives, trainings and exploration of new potential markets. (Aftab A. Khan, Mehreen Khan, 2010 Pakistan Textile Industry Facing New Challenges). Industrial Organization and Technological Change: The Decline of the British Cotton Industry, this article by William Lazonick again focuses on the fact that failure to adapt to and compete with the changes in the international competition. The British industrialists were divided amongst themselves and failed to identify the structure and economic conditions of international competition. This study of the British cotton industry suggests that a fundamental cause of Britains relative decline from the late nineteenth century was the inability of its capitalists, divided as they were by competition and markets, to adapt Britains nineteenth-century economic structure to the conditions of twentieth-century international competition. The structure of industrial organization which arose in the context of Britains unchallenged domination of world markets in the mid-nineteenth century left the subsequent generations of capitalists powerless, both individually and collectively, to supersede th e market so as to develop the coordinated managerial structures and introduce the high throughput production processes that characterize the modern capitalist enterprise. The article Hike in POL prices to raise cost of production from the Pakistan Textile Journal, Feburary-2010 issue highlights the adverse impacts of increase in petroleum prices on the textile industry of Pakistan. The article speaks on the problems faced by the textile industry of Pakistan throughout its existence. It states that with an impaired perception of being a terrorist state, the export based economy has suffered to a greater extent along with the global recession. Moreover with less buyers aiming Pakistani textile markets and economic turmoil has forced the textile exports to go down by 30 to 40% in a time span of 3 years in quantity terms, along with an additional negative growth in all sub sectors of textile industry. Rising inflation, lower investment rate in textile sector, rising mark ups with higher cost of production and power outage with higher energy costs, all rendered to a greater trade deficit for country and less international demand in last few years. The expo rts in 2008-2009 slumped to $ 9.95 billion where the target was of $ 12 billion. Lastly it states that along with all issues faced by textile industry of Pakistan, power shortage and higher petroleum prices would further increase problems for the industry as it will make products less competitive and increase the cost of production as prices of all commodities will shoot up. http://www.ptj.com.pk/Web-2010/02-10/Islamabad-Outlook.htm The article Pakistan faces a severe textile crisis is a statistical report from emerging textiles.com 6th December, 2006, ponders on the situation faced by Pakistan textile industry. It states that Pakistan textile industry has experienced a double digit growth which is now over and several factors have contributed in this decline of textile industry, though the government has provided with an initial research and development funding to support the industry but rising energy and financing costs could not prevent the industry from a severe crisis. It also highlights the increasing competition faced by other textile exporting countries like India, Bangladesh, China and Vietnam with their low cost products. Import tariffs on textile products and shifting from the policy of utilizing more yarn of country for value added products to export of raw yarn has again intensified the crisis situation for the industry. The article provides with complete statistics of Pakistan textile exports from July2005 to June 2006. http://www.emergingtextiles.com/?q=arts=060906Pmarkr=freen=1 In another article of Report on Textile Industry of Pakistan it claims that the reasons for the decline of textile industry of Pakistan include rise in the rates of (EFS) export finance scheme from 8.5% to 9.5% which is a rise of a 100 basis points. The second major reason it mentions is the rise in energy tariffs adding to the low availability of the electricity. Adding to that was the fact that refineries could not provide furnace oil in the required quantity to the power generation companies which led to the low working hours of the textile mills directly or indirectly. Another major blow came from the rise in yarn prices, the raw material feeding the textile mills. The cotton prices increase from 2000 to 6600 per 40 kg due to the export of yarn, the yarn export will amount to 614 million kg (which represents 14% of textile exports in 2010 versus 11% in 2009). Some of the other factors influencing the textile industry include increase in minimum wage, Double freight for Punjab Khyber Pakhtunkhwa textile mills, Lack of transportation facilities and Tariffs trade agreements. (Yasin Ahmed, 2010 Textile Industry of Pakistan) In another article Pakistan lags behind in Technical Textiles it is argued that the technical and economical impact of technical textiles in the industrially developed countries and their future contribution to the development of economics of newly developing countries, such as China, South East Asia, and North Africa etc. Pakistan still lags behind in technical textile products as neither the government nor the textile industry has made any serious efforts towards synchronizing textile products with the emerging needs of the world market by developing higher value-added products. Although the textile sector is the backbone of Pakistans economy, the Government as well as the textile industry has kept their focus on conventional textiles, ignoring technical textiles and knowledge-based products. (Noor Ahmed Memon, Noor Zaman, 2007 Pakistan lags behind in Technical Textiles). In this last article of Development of Textile Industrial Clusters in Pakistan it mentions the reasons for decline of the cotton industry as outdated technology, poor machinery, lack of skilled labor and reliance on the traditional Ustaad-Shagird mode of training and due to which there is a high defect rate. (Muhammad Shahzad Iqbal et al., 2010 Development of Textile Industrial Clusters in Pakistan) CHAPTER 3 METHODOLOGY Research Type The research is quantitative in nature. Basically it takes into consideration the data which is numerical in nature and the relationship purely depends on the data figures of the variables such as Number of Looms, Number of Spindles, Yarn Production, Raw Cotton consumption and Raw Cotton production. Data Type Research Period This research is solely dependent on secondary data analysis. Multiple Regressions would be run on the data of Number of Looms, Number of Spindles, Yarn Production, Raw Cotton consumption and Raw Cotton production. Sources of Data Data on Number of Looms, Number of Spindles, Yarn Production, Raw Cotton consumption and Raw Cotton production will be collected from World Development Indicators, Economic Survey of Pakistan and APTMA. Dependent Variable: Factors affecting the growth of the Textile Sector Independent Variables: Number of Looms Number of Spindles Yarn Production Raw Cotton consumption Raw Cotton production OPERATIONAL DEFINTIONS Textile Sector The textile sector or textile industry is defined as the industries involved in designing, manufacturing, distribution and use of clothing. Although there is no one known way of measuring this growth. Sometimes the quantity of export of cloth is taken to be a measure of the growth of the textile sector but technically that there is no one way because there is a huge amount of informal sector that goes unrecorded in the textile sector. The textile sector in this thesis is considered to be growing or flourishing; if the textile mills are producing cloth at an increasing rate or the contribution of the textile sector to the GDP of the country is increasing (i.e. production of cotton cloth is increasing in the sector). Yarn Production Yarn production basically refers to the quantity of thread that is being made using the cotton that is grown and harvested. It is the total quantity of the Yarn that is being produced in an economy. It is a direct measure of the Thread that is being made from the cotton that is collected and further down this process of the supply chain the cloth is being produced from this very Yarn. Yarn Production is measured in (000 Kgs). Generally it should have a positive impact because this independent variable is directly related to the dependent variable. Cotton Production Similarly the cotton production is simply the amount of cotton that is being produced in an economy. This should also have a direct effect on the growth of the textile sector since both are positively related as the cotton production would go up so would the growth of textile sector. Cotton Consumption This variable basically measures the quantity of cotton that is being produced and consumed in the local economy. Since Pakistan is a cotton producing country, this variable measure the quantity of cotton that is being consumed and processed by local ginneries and mills instead of being exported as Raw Cotton to other countries. Technically this should have a positive effect on the growth of textile sector as cotton consumption in the local economy goes up so would the growth of textile sector. Number of Spindles This variable basically refers to the quantity of Yarn producing spindles that are operating in the economy. This should also have a positive relationship between the growth of textile sector because as the number of yarn producing spindles goes up so does the ability of the mills to produce cloth and hence the growth of the textile sector. Number of Looms This is similar in nature to number of Spindles; the only difference is that it measures the quantity of cloth producing Looms that are being used in an economy. If the Number of Looms would increase so would the cloth production and the growth of textile sector HYPOTHESIS Yarn Production H0: There is a significant relationship between Yarn Production and the growth of textile sector H1: There is an insignificant relationship between Yarn Production and the growth of textile sector. Cotton Production H0: There is a significant relationship between Cotton Production and the growth of textile sector. H1: There is an insignificant relationship between Cotton Production and the growth of textile sector. Cotton Consumption H0: There is a significant relationship between Cotton Consumption and the growth of textile sector. H1: There is an insignificant relationship between Cotton Consumption and the growth of textile sector. Number of Looms H0: There is a significant relationship between Number of Looms and the growth of textile sector. H1: There is an insignificant relationship between Number of Looms and the growth of textile sector. Number of Spindles H0: There is a significant relationship between Number of Spindles and the growth of textile sector. H1: There is an insignificant relationship between Number of Spindles and the growth of textile sector. TECHNIQUES Simple statistical technique of Multiple Regression will be used for the analysis of this secondary data. Multiple regressions will explain the effect of independent variables on growth of textile sector. DATA ANALYSIS For analyzing the data statgraphics will be used. Alongside explaining the relationships between variables and the amount of variation that each variable is causing, it will also provide the graphical analysis in graphical forms. DATA INTERPRETATION Statistical software such as Statgraphics which will be used in this thesis to interpret data. The P-values indicate the validity of the model and of each independent variable and the R-squared will explain the degree of variation caused in the growth of the textile sector through the variables Number of Looms, Number of Spindles, Yarn Production, Raw Cotton consumption and Raw Cotton production. CHAPTER 4 RESULTS AND ANALYSIS The dependent variable is growth of textile industry and the independent variables that are micro-environmental include Yarn Production, Consumption of Raw Cotton, Cotton Production, the total number of spindles and the total number of looms in Pakistan. The Yarn production has been chosen as an independent variable because theoretically speaking the production quantity of yarn is directly proportional to the quantity of cloth that is produced. After that the consumption of Raw Cotton has been chosen as an independent variable because it is a significant representation of the quantity of cotton that stays in the economy and is consumed by the population of Pakistan and not exported to other countries. Although the consumption of cotton specifies both the mill and non-mill usage of cotton, the non-mill usage of cotton is insignificant because it mostly represents the uses of cotton without any value addition for instance usages of raw cotton for domestic uses such as cotton balls used in infirmaries for patients. So most of the cotton consumption technically shows the amount of cotton that is processed in mills to produce cloth or textile. The Cotton Production again is a vital independent variable because it is directly proportional to the growth of the textile sector. The cotton produced is first ginned to separate the fiber from the seed, the fiber goes on to be twined and twisted to produce yarn and the yarn is then used to produced cloth so higher the quantity of cotton produced in an economy, the more the textile industry is liable to produce cloth. Multiple Regression analysis has been used as the statistical tool to develop and judge the degree of significance of the relationship between the dependent variable and five independent variables. The Regression equation is: Growth of Textile = -20.4196 + 0.00338711*Consumption of Raw Material + 0.00128728*Number of Looms + 0.00227119*Number of Spindles + 0.0191763*Raw Cotton Production + 0.00932286*Yarn Production The dependent variable (Y) over here in the above mentioned equation is the Growth of Textile Industry which is being predicted or explained. The independent variable represented by (X) explains the Variance in Y. Every independent variable has its own beta coefficient that explains the relative importance. The beta coefficient explains the relative change in the dependent variable if the independent variable is changed by 1%. All variables show a positive relationship which is correct because all other independent factors are positively related to the dependent variable that is Growth of Textile Industry. If we analyze the beta coefficients, a one percent change in the Number of Looms would cause a .0012 percent growth in the textile industry, if there is a one percent increase in the Number of Spindles it will cause a 0.022 percent growth in the textile industry. Equally if there is a one percent increase in the yarn production it would cause a 0.009 percent increase in the growth of the textile industry. A one percent increase in the consumption of raw cotton would increase the growth of the textile industry by 0.03 percent, which is a significant percentage. Lastly, the one percent change in cotton production would cause a 0.019 percent increase in the growth of the textile industry. The R-Squared statistic indicates that the model as fitted explains 95.5788 percent of the variability in Growth of Textile. The adjusted R-squared statistic, which is more suitable for comparing models with different numbers of independent variables, is 91.1576%. The P-value of the model is 0.0021. Since the P-value is less than 0.01, there is a statistically significant relationship between the variables at the 99 percent confidence level. The individual p-values of the independent variables will determine the relationship between each independent variable and the dependent variable. If the value is above 0.1 then the relationship is insignificant and the alternate hypothesis will be rejected. According to the model, Number of Spindles and Yarn Production have p-values less than 0.1. The p-value of Number of Spindles is 0.0070 and the p -value of Yarn Production is 0.0022. Hence the null hypothesis (H0) for these two variables are rejected and the alternate hypothesis (H1) will be accepted. According to the results, the p-value of Consumption of Raw Materials, Number of Looms and Raw Cotton Production is more than 0.1 so the null hypothesis for these variables is accepted and the alternate hypothesis will be rejected.

why read the books :: essays research papers

It has now become clear that Italo Calvino will prove to be one of this century's major writers. In recent years, his work has been established alongside such pan-European thinkers as Barthes and Eco, particularly in the sense that his interests are polymathic. Calvino is an essayist, a literary theorist, a writer of fiction and, to a large extent, a visionary. Paradoxically, much of the modernity he has explored in his narratives has its roots in the simplicity of folk tales, and his own short fiction has the elemental power of myth and allegory. In these essays, however, we have a kind of summation of all this, albeit in a piecemeal form. By this I mean that within this large collection of literary essays, Italo Calvino mixes critical judgement with literary history, and reflections on the writer's art with sheer readerly enthusiasm. This powerful mix is the result of his assembling a personal 'canon' of texts, and in that sense some of his choices reflect that idiosyncrasy which all readers have: personal passions, a taste in obscure writers; and, a few absolute favourites which have clearly inspired his own creativity. In the dimension of personal taste, the leaders are Dickens in Our Mutual Friend, Stendhal and Dante, but there are many more, and after an initial essay which tries to establish what a classic is, the essays range from classical to modern texts, not always in terms of accepted classical status. Some of the writers discussed may even merit being rediscovered. In fact, Signor Calvino is such a good critic that he sneaks in brief chatty references and even fragments of autobiography before we realise it. The case of Hemingway shows this for instance: 'There was a time for me when - and for many others, those who are more or less my contemporaries - Hemingway was a god.' The essay then proceeds to show Hemingway's appeal as well as his limitations. The book's title is something of a misnomer in this respect, because the question is tackled directly in the first essay. Then a certain enquiry about the nature of a 'classic' is assumed as the author proceeds to explain the gamut of literary achievement in virtually every prominent form. However, the defining essay does lead to the interesting proposition that 'A classic is a work which persists as background noise even when a present that is totally incompatible with it holds sway.

The impact of parental involvement

There is important research over the last 30 old ages affirms that parental engagement is a vehicle by which to raise academic accomplishment ( Hara, 1998 ) . Henderson and Berla ( 1994 ) reviewed 66 surveies of parental engagement and concluded, â€Å" Regardless of income, instruction degree or cultural background, all households can- and make lend to their kids ‘s success. † In the undermentioned extract from The Evidence Grows: Parent Involvement Improves Student Achievement, Anne Henderson ( 1987 ) summarises the decisions drawn from 52 surveies on the topic of parental engagement in secondary instruction: When parents show an involvement in their kids ‘s instruction and high outlooks for their public presentation, they are advancing attitudes that are keys to achievement, attitudes that can be formed independently of societal category or other external fortunes. It is at this point that the school enters the image. Schools can promote parents to work with their kids and supply helpful information and accomplishments, thereby reenforcing a positive rhythm of development for both parents and pupils. The surveies show clearly that such intercession, whether based at place or at school, and whether begun before or after a kid starts school, has important, durable effectsaˆÂ ¦ The opposite, of class, will besides be true. If schools treat parents as unimportant, or as negative educational influences on their kids, or if they discourage parents from going involved, they promote the development of attitudes in the household that inhibit accomplishment at school. There is a direct nexus between parental engagement and kids ‘s higher accomplishments in linguistic communication and mathematics, registration in more ambitious programmes, greater academic continuity, better behavior, better societal and version to school, better attending and lower drop-out rates ( Heymann, 2000, Henderson & A ; Mapp, 2002 ) . Cotton and Reed Wikelund ( 2001 ) identifies that all research surveies which focused on affectional steps found that parental engagement has a positive consequence on pupils attitudes and societal behavior. Parental engagement supports pupil acquisition, behavior and attitudes irrespective of factors such as parent ‘s income, educational degree and whether or non parents are employed. All parental engagement plants and works wellaˆÂ ¦ so disadvantaged kids have the most to derive from parent engagement programmes. In a study on the Educate Together Ethos and Parental Participation, Nugent and Mooney ( 2008 ) they province that when parents have the chance to take part in their kid ‘s instruction, there are benefits for both the kid ‘s cognitive development and their public presentation as scholars and their parents ‘ attitude to school. The benefits of parent engagement goes beyond instruction and includes societal and economic benefits ( OECD, 1997 ) . These include improved wellness benefits, a decrease in dependance on societal public assistance and degrees of offense ( Wolfe and Haveman, 2002 ) . The most interesting determination in the OECD 1997 Report highlights the comparatively untapped potency of parental instruction in helping parents from disadvantaged socio-economic backgrounds to back up their kids ‘s larning more efficaciously. It was noted that parental engagement can cut down exclusion and better equality. â€Å" Education is a powerful tool in the integrating procedure † ( OECD, The economic and societal facets of migration 2003 study ) . Research within 2nd degree instruction would bespeak that parents go less involved in their kid ‘s instruction as the kid gets older, there are many grounds for this: a more hard course of study, bigger schools – larger staff, location of the school, the kid is more independent etc. Recent pupils indicate that American instructors and educational psychologist topographic point great importance on parental engagement to promote educational results, peculiarly among deprived pupils ( Eccles & A ; Harold, 1993 ; Jeynes, 2005a ; McBride & A ; Lin, 1996 ) . The benefits of parental engagement are so great, parental and community engagement is used as a cardinal scheme in school effectivity. ( Smit and Driessen 2007 ) . The inquiry, therefore emerges: can parental engagement through the execution of the Academic Intervention Model ( AIM ) truly better the educational results of deprived pupils within Fairhill Community College? More specifically, this inquiry can be farther defined into four separate inquiries that are applicable to the writers country of research: To what grade is parental engagement associated with higher degrees of school accomplishment among deprived pupils registered on the AIM Programme? What aspects of parental engagement aid disadvantaged pupils the most: Can the Home School Completion Programme/Home School Liaison Officer positively influence parental engagement of deprived pupils? Does the relationship between parental engagement and academic accomplishment clasp across racial groups?

Economics question and answer Essay

Economics: question and answer Introduction Question 1            War unrest in Middle East has negatively impacted on the price and quantity of oil in the market. The expectation of war from Syria and Iraq to spread to Middle East countries cause fear of possible shortages of supply as people may possibly do without oil. As a result people will buy more to store in preparation for future shortages. As the demand increases, price of oil goes up as people anticipate war unrest in the near future. When eventually the war sets in oil production is disrupted but people do not demand more since they had enough to cushion the scarcity (Kemp, 2013). In the graph illustration below, assuming the market was initially at the equilibrium. Since scarcity is expected in future people will by more (high demand) to spare for future. As the demand increase from 150 units to 350 units, the price also increases accordingly from $0.25 to $ 0.35. Graphical illustration 3411220146431000 Figure SEQ Figure * ARABIC 1: when people expect civil unrest the demand is high but and the prices go up. Question 2            Car and petro are complimentary good that are consumed together. Taxation on one of the complimentary products greatly influences the price of the other good. The increase in price of one good causes a corresponding decrease in the price of the other good and vice versa. For instance, taxing petrol increase its price, leading to high demand for high fuel efficient cars. Increase in demand for high fuel efficient cars results to increased price and vice versa. On the other hand increase in price for petrol leads to decrease in demand for low fuel efficient cars thus leading to their low price (Dwivedi, 2012). Many thus will buy high fuel efficient cars Graphical illustration Figure SEQ Figure * ARABIC 2: price of petrol increases when tax is imposed Figure SEQ Figure * ARABIC 3 this graph shows increase in demand and price for high fuel efficient when the price for petrol increases due to taxation Figure SEQ Figure * ARABIC 4: the graph show decrease in demand for high fuel efficient cars when the price of petrol goes up Question 3            The fact that suppliers cannot sell live chicken directly to consumers coupled with the fear of mass death due to anticipated chicken flu results to high supply in the market. When supply increases beyond demand the price falls down. In addition since the health official are the only buyers a monopolistic competition comes into play since the price for chicken is not control by the market forces of demand and supply (Taylor, & Weerapana, 2012). The equilibrium the will shift to the right. Graphical illustration lefttop Figure SEQ Figure * ARABIC 5 : Excess supplies of chicken in the market results to low demand and eventually falls in price. The farmer expects future unfavorable condition due to outbreak of chicken flue. Question 4 Price elasticity of demand is the measure of responsive of the quantity demanded of a product to price change with other factors held ( Dwivedi, 2012). Price Elasticity of Demand (PEoD) = percentage change in quantity demanded (%ΔQ) à · percentage change in price (%ΔP) %ΔQ = 35 -50 / 50 Ãâ€"100 = -30% %ΔP = 8 -6 / 6 Ãâ€"100 = 33.33% Therefore, PEoD = -30 %/ 33.33% = -0.900            As economists we are not interested with the negative sign of our price elasticity of demand and therefore we take the absolute value. Therefore, the price elasticity of demand when price increases from $6 to $ 8 is 0.9. Interpretation.            For the above case the demand for the good is price inelastic. This means that the demand for the product does not respond highly ton price changes. As evident in the computation, an increase of price by 33.3 % of the price results to a corresponding decrease of quantity demanded by 30%. The demand thus is not very sensitive to price changes. Question 5(a)            Externality is an effect or a cost of the consumer behavior that may not be borne by the consumer but by the society. This mean s that the effects are caused by the consumer but the society bears the consequences. Tobacco smoking is among the activities that cause externalities. For instance narcotic in tobacco is believed to cause lung cancer to smokers. However the external cost of providing medical care to smokers is borne by non-smokers, by smokers and the government. Additionally environmental pollution due to smoking is borne by the family members of the smoker’s friends and even non-smokers strangers. Moreover, smoking has environmental externalities that involve deforestation to create room for tobacco growing. Agrochemical used in tobacco production also adds to environmental pollution and degradation. Cigarette wastes are common in all cities, sidewalks and around homes. Although majority of these wastes are biodegradable, the filter and plastic wr appers and remain in the environment for long and the consequences of such pollution are felt by the larger society. 5(b)            The Australian government in its attempt to control and minimize the external costs resulting from tobacco imposes high tax on tobacco. High taxation on tobacco increases the cost and as a result the demand for tobacco decreases. The tax imposed is transferred by producers to the consumers (smokers). When this happens, the demand curve will shift from right to left as indicated in the graph. Figure SEQ Figure * ARABIC 6: (Tax increase the price for tobacco leading to low demand and eventually low consumption) Question 6            When entry barriers are eliminated in the market huge number of firms enters the industry resulting to excessive supply of commodities. In a market where entry barriers are limited the price of commodities is determined by the market forces since no firm has control over the market. Excessive supply that is created results to low prices of goods and services offered. In response the price the price goes down due to competition from other firm. As a result, the profit that firms were making initially decreases due. Graphical illustration 1627833top00 Question 7            Oligopolistic market structures is a type of market where by small number of larger firms control the market jointly. The firms trade in almost similar goods. Oligopolistic firms do not engage in price competetion (Vives, 2001).Basing our argument on the game theory; where the actions one firm depend on those of other firms, it is evident that when for instance one firm lowers its price compared to other firms, customers will be attracted by the lower prices resulting to other firms making economical loss in their operation. In response to this the other will lower their price slighted below the initial firm eventually attracting the customers. The other firms in the market will make loss and eventually respond by making their prices much lower compared to other firms. This process continues until the firms sell at economically a low price that is illustrated by kinked curves (Vives, 2001).There to remain competitive and make profit do not engage in price competiti on. Alternatives to price completion            Oligopolistic firms compete by using alternative modes such as advertisement, product differentiation and barrier to entry in the market. Oligopolistic firms undertake a vigorous advertisement of their products both in national and international levels. Advertisement is made to make potential customers aware of the existence of the product in the market and the good qualities associated with such good and services (Taylor & Weerapana, 2012). Advertisement is carried out through mass media and product promotion. In addition oligopolistic firms constantly differentiate their products in terms of quality and always struggle to come up with new products design that outshine those of competitors. In the recent era product differentiation has been enhanced by ever growing technology and innovation. Since oligopolistic firms compete in almost similar goods and services coming up with new products with good qualities gives a firm advantage over its market rivals. For insta nce phones manufacturing firms have constantly developed phone with new applications to remain competitive.            Furthermore, the firms create market entry barriers to new firms, a strategy that ensures that the existing share of market. The common market barriers include the patent rights, important government franchises and the existing economies of scale. These barriers ensure that the market is not flooded by many firms that in the long run may reduce the existing firms’ share of the market control. References Dwivedi, D. N. (2012). Microeconomics. New Delhi, India: Pearson Education/Dorling Kindersley. Kemp, G. (2013). War with Iran: Political, military, and economic consequences. Lanham, Maryland: Rowman & Littlefield Publishers Taylor, J. B., & Weerapana, A. (2012). Principles of microeconomics. Mason, OH: South-Western Cengage Learning Vives, X. (2001). Oligopoly pricing: Old ideas and new tools. Cambridge, Mass. [u.a.: MIT Press Source document

Life of Pi Essay

Life of Pi Essay Life of Pi Essay Uniforms should be implemented in schools. The reason why I agree is because students will learn to respect each other. After all, looking professional is a good way to give a first good impression. Respect could also be gained through the discipline students get from wearing uniforms. Also, buying uniforms could be a great way for parents to save money. I mean, uniforms cost $500 max, but if you think about it is way more expensive. Plus, if you think about it, parents would save more money buying uniforms than new shirts, pants, and shoes to replaces old up ones. This essay will explain why students learn to respect each other and why uniforms help families save money. However, there are also arguments to why uniforms should not be implemented in schools. The fact that there would be not diversity and it could lead to a rebellion or protest. Also, they might say that uniforms are boring, especially since you'd have to wear the same thing everyday. Which is what could affect a person's (most likely children or teens) self-development and discovery. There is also one thing that I have to admit that I agree on. The fact that uniforms won't stop the fact that students will still get bullied or teased. By making students believe the opposite, this would create a false sense of security. Which is not a good thing for teens and especially children, since they might think that the world is all about safety and respect... which is not the case. I think that schools should

Major Developments and Issues of China Telecommunication Term Paper

Major Developments and Issues of China Telecommunication - Term Paper Example The government upon the significance and volume of  the subscribers named separate service based and region based services to reach the end customer. The strong state holds organizations were built into a strong business network  competitive with private players. The fierce competition between the companies has opened up new challenges and avenues which are to be explored to sustain in the industry. The foreign mobile companies with more technology and business strategies provided new challenges for the state-owned companies to withstand in the industry. "No money to be made in a market with more than 1.3 billion people and a 7-8% average GDP growth rate? Doesn't that sound oxymoronic? Even with regulated competition in the Chinese telecom market, there are abundant business opportunities,". China is the largest populated country providing unlimited opportunities in major sectors  like telecom, Aviation, IT and software solutions. China telecommunications has been separated fro m affiliation from Ministry of post and telecommunications in 1994. China  Telecom was the only player used to take care of various other applications for entire china. Foreign players are not allowed to venture into China as a part of the constitutional  regulations existing at that point of time. MPT with its arm China telecom has made very bad progress throughout its operations due to factors like The increase of private players absorbing the market of the state-owned  organizations;  Ã‚  Loosing consumers confidence on the services; Political pressures and their ill effects; The monopoly and the negative consumer perceptions  forced the Chinese government to look for a change that can decentralize and elevate the performance of the telecom  industry. China has established one more organization called China Unicom. China Unicom a new player to start on its own performance failed to impress. The China telecom has shown its influence same as before as it was an arm of M PT (ministry of posts and telecom). China Unicom has been open to involvement by foreign parties. China telecom a serious contender used to confine itself to the native associations. China telecom used to play against China Unicom wherein telecom used to benefit from the deals. China Unicom has been met with resistance by China Telecom, which restricted interconnection with the national trunk network and, where access is granted, on terms that favored China Telecom at the expense of China Unicom and its foreign investors. By controlling the network in a healthy manner, the MPT neglected the development of China Unicom. The cold war between Unicom and telecom restricted foreign investors from making any real inroads in China's telecom sector. Reforms were initiated for major  developments to serve the consumers more effectively.

Methods Used To Evaluate Supply Chain Performance Essay

Methods Used To Evaluate Supply Chain Performance - Essay Example 166). The measurement of performance of the supply chain is quite vital especially in setting objectives and evaluating the performance of such supply chains as well as determining the necessary future course of action. Companies should consider themselves in the chain supply not as the producer or just as the suppliers of the products thereby reducing the products and or service cycle time. Additionally, a significant supply chain allows competitors to cooperate in order to achieve smooth movement in the supply chain. Companies are engaged in planning and coordinating the process of product flow from the foundation to the end user as a combined system rather than independent processes (Keebler 33). This has made the evaluation of the chain of supply mandatory to ensure that the more profitable supply chain is applied in the course of the business. Therefore, businesses must use the different methods of evaluating the performance of the supply chain to ensure that they remain abreast in the competition by employing the most effective supply chain in the business. Businesses are often involved in different supply chains including those that supply raw materials and the finished products. Therefore, without a proper functional supply chain, business that involves at the same may waste time and resources in such supply chains resulting to low productivity and profitability of such businesses. Hence, it is vital that product manufacturers